From Political Instrument to Protection Tool? Resettlement of Refugees and North-South Relations

Lacking a clear legal definition, the conceptualization and application of durable solutions have been highly influenced by states’ interests that were often at odds with humanitarian concerns on refugee protection. During the Cold War resettlement was perceived as the preferred dur­able solution, although it was selectively applied to differ­ent refugee crises in the South. With the asylum crisis in the 1980s and the end of the Cold War, a new agenda of containment emerged as Northern countries’ interest in receiving refugees declined. During the 1990s voluntary repatriation emerged as a new preferred solution and there was an effort to redefine and adapt resettlement to a new context. This process focused on detaching resettlement from its previous political and immigration character and redefining it as an exclusive protection tool and instrument of international co-operation.Hence, resettlement in the post-Cold War era is characterized by depoliticization, a smaller number of beneficiaries, and geographic expansion. However, it is important to critically question whether such depoliticization has happened in fact, the reasons behind it, and its relation to North-South politics and contain­ment strategies.Faute d’une définition juridique claire, la conceptualisation et l’application de solutions durables à la réinstallation ont été fortement influencées par des intérêts étatiques souvent en contradiction avec les préoccupations humanitaires sur la protection des réfugiés. Durant la guerre froide, la réinstallation paraissait la solution durable la plus souhaitable, bien qu’appliquée de façon ponctuelle aux différentes crises de réfugiés dans le Sud. Un nouveau programme de confinement apparaît lors de la crise de l’asile des années 1980 et la fin de la guerre froide quand diminue la volonté des pays du Nord à accueillir les demandeurs d’asile. Le rapatriement volontaire apparaît au cours des années 1990 comme nouvelle solution de préférence. On tente alors de redéfinir la réinstallation et de l’adapter au nouveau contexte. Ce processus est axé sur une rupture de la réinstallation avec ses aspects politique et migratoire précédents et sa redéfinition en tant qu’outil exclusif de protection et instrument de la coopération internationale. Ainsi, la réinstallation à l’ ère de l’après-guerre froide se caractérise par la dépolitisation, la réduction du nombre de bénéficiaires et l’expansion géographique. Toutefois, il est essentiel de déterminer de façon critique si cette dépolitisation s’est réellement faite, les raisons qui la sous-tendent et sa relation à la politique Nord-Sud et aux stratégies de confinement

Managing mobility for human development: the growing salience of mixed migration

In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and those who are forced to – that is, between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migrants. This distinction is maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the conceptual distinction between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migration as mutually exclusive categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be ‘mixed’ in several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the emergence of the notions of ‘mixed migration’ and the ‘migration-asylum nexus’ in the policy arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of ‘mixed migration’ and the conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration and migration policies – or ‘migration governance’ -- encounter one another. Finally, some policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a ‘durable solution’ in settings of conflict and displacement.mixed migration, force and choice, refugees, migration policy, development

Managing Mobility for Human Development: The Growing Salience of Mixed Migration

In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and those who are forced to – that is, between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migrants. This distinction is maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the conceptual distinction between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migration as mutually exclusive categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be ‘mixed’ in several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the emergence of the notions of ‘mixed migration’ and the ‘migration-asylum nexus’ in the policy arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of ‘mixed migration’ and the conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration and migration policies – or ‘migration governance’ -- encounter one another. Finally, some policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a ‘durable solution’ in settings of conflict and displacement.mixed migration, force and choice, refugees, migration policy, development

Speaking about and speaking for the Third World: representations of women's and girls' agency in child marriage discourses

Over the past two decades, child marriage has become an increasingly prominent issue in human rights and international development agendas. Prevailing child marriage discourses reveal the fetishization of issues affecting women and girls to demonstrate Third World backwardness. Mobilising key postcolonial feminist theory interventions on representation and agency, this thesis explores how the West speaks about and speaks for the Third World and unmasks the details of the global discourse production on child marriage. Using critical discourse analysis to locate child marriage within broader historical, institutional, and political contexts, I found that child marriage is constructed as a “Third World problem” explained through culture and agency, conceptualised within liberal frameworks of choice and emancipation. Although it appears that the discursive production of Third World women and girls has moved from victim into heroic agent and that rescue was repackaged into empowerment, I argue that both representations perpetuate the colonial encounter and maintain the agency of Third World women and girls narrowly circumscribed to resistance. By questioning how “traditional cultural practices” affecting women and girls are used to reinforce binaries of modern/traditional and oppression/resistance, this thesis contributes to postcolonial feminist theorising of representations of Third World women and girls and of their agency

Hybrid Approaches of Verbal Decision Analysis in the Selection of Project Management Approaches

AbstractDecision support methods aim at assisting in the decision-making process by simplifying the analysis of the problem and justifying the choice of a particular potential action. Recent researches have shown that the hybridization of methods is able to overcome limitations presented by the methods when applied separately: the classification of alternatives before submitting them to an ordination methodology would be an e ective way of filtering the set to be ordered. Specific Practices of Capability Maturity Model Integration were analyzed through a decision making model, assisted by the methods SAC and ZAPROS III-i. The results will be compared to previous studies

Managing mobility for human development: the growing salience of mixed migration

In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and those who are forced to – that is, between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migrants. This distinction is maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the conceptual distinction between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migration as mutually exclusive categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be ‘mixed’ in several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the emergence of the notions of ‘mixed migration’ and the ‘migration-asylum nexus’ in the policy arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of ‘mixed migration’ and the conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration and migration policies – or ‘migration governance’ -- encounter one another. Finally, some policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a ‘durable solution’ in settings of conflict and displacement

Managing mobility for human development: the growing salience of mixed migration

In the analysis of migration a basic distinction is often made between those who chose to move and those who are forced to – that is, between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migrants. This distinction is maintained in the policy world, where the governance of international migration is shaped by the conceptual distinction between ‘voluntary’ and ‘forced’ migration as mutually exclusive categories. In reality of course the distinction is far from clear-cut. Migration can be ‘mixed’ in several senses: motivations may be mixed at the point of making the decision to move, when there are often combinations of choice and compulsion in play; people may travel with others in mixed migratory flows; motivations may change en route; and people may find themselves in mixed communities during their journeys or at their destination. This paper explores the connections between mixed migration and human development, understood as the expansion of capabilities and choice (Sen 1999). It first clarifies some of the key concepts in the migration discourse, particularly the role of choice and compulsion in migration, before exploring the emergence of the notions of ‘mixed migration’ and the ‘migration-asylum nexus’ in the policy arena. The paper then turns to some of the manifestations of ‘mixed migration’ and the conditions migrants encounter in such migration streams. It next considers how mixed migration and migration policies – or ‘migration governance’ -- encounter one another. Finally, some policy conclusions are drawn from the evidence presented, pointing to the idea that the transnational practices that arise from mixed migration may constitute a ‘durable solution’ in settings of conflict and displacement

O Programa Criança Feliz e suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância: apontamentos sobre o caso de Ribeirão Preto/SP

The objective of this study is to present some reflections about the “Programa Criança Feliz - PCF” and its contributions to the development of children in early childhood, having as reference the analysis of the experiences lived through the professional performance of the authors in the program in Ribeirão Preto - SP. Based on the reflections constructed in this text, it is possible to present the work of the program in question, its methodology and theoretical basis, intersectoriality and its pertinence for the development of the child in early childhoodO trabalho aqui apresentado tem como objetivo realizar reflexões acerca do Programa Criança Feliz - PCF e as contribuições para o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância, tendo como referência a análise das experiências vivenciadas através da atuação profissional dos autores no referido programa em Ribeirão Preto – SP e como metodologia a análise bibliográfica acerca dos assuntos abordados. A partir das reflexões construídas neste texto, é possível apresentar o trabalho do programa em pauta, sua metodologia e fundamentação teórica, intersetorialidade e sua pertinência para o desenvolvimento da criança na primeira infância

Classificação de risco: fatores de baixa complexidade que interferem no atendimento do enfermeiro

The aim was to analyze the low-complexity external factors that interfere in the care provided by the risk classification nurse. This is a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach, based on a semi-structured interview conducted with nurses from the risk classification unit of a Municipal Hospital of the Unified Health System, being a reference as the largest in urgent and emergency care in Latin America. Twelve nurses who worked directly in this sector were interviewed, of which three refused to respond to the interview. Of the nine respondents, there was a predominance of females with eight people, followed by marital status, six married, and five aged 40 years or over, in the profession, five worked between 6 and 9 years, and six performed their activities in the period daytime. It is concluded that failure in primary care was cited as the main external factor of low complexity that causes overcrowding in the emergency unit.Objetivou-se analisar os fatores externos de baixa complexidade que interferem no atendimento do enfermeiro da classificação de risco. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de entrevista semiestruturada realizado com enfermeiros da unidade de classificação de risco de um Hospital Municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde, sendo referência como o maior em atendimento de urgência e emergência da América Latina. Entrevistou- 12 enfermeiros que atuavam diretamente neste setor, desses, três recusaram responder a entrevista. Dos nove entrevistados, predominou o sexo feminino com oito pessoas, seguido de estado civil seis casados, e cinco com idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, no tempo de profissão, cinco atuavam entre 6 e 9 anos, e seis exerciam suas atividades no período diurno. Conclui-se que a falha na Atenção Primária foi citada como o principal fator externo de baixa complexidade que causa superlotação da unidade de emergência

Humanização em grande emergência: o enfermeiro evidenciando suas práticas na qualidade assistencial

The aim was to analyze the strategies used by nurses in the quality of humanized care directed to patients in the urgency and emergency sector. This is a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach, based on a semi-structured interview carried out with nurses from the risk classification unit of a Municipal Hospital of the Unified Health System, being a reference as the largest in urgent and emergency care in Latin America, located in Rio de Janeiro. Of the 16 respondents, there was a predominance of females with 10, between the age of 14 they were between 30 and 47 years old, between the marital status, 7 were married, between the time of performance, 9 participants were from 8 months to 9 years, and 7 from 11 to 28 years in the profession. Three categories were chosen, which they named: The professional's understanding of humanization; The professional's perception of the National Humanization Policy and its main objective, and the strategies used for the quality of humanized care. Nurses understand about humanization and the purpose of the National Humanization Policy, as well as creating strategies from welcoming to teamwork to ensure the quality of humanized care.Objetivou-se analisar as estratégias utilizadas pelo enfermeiro na qualidade de assistência humanizada direcionada ao paciente no setor de urgência e emergência. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, a partir de entrevista semiestruturada realizado com Enfermeiros da unidade de classificação de risco de um Hospital Municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde, sendo referência como o maior em atendimento de urgência e emergência da América Latina, situado no Rio de Janeiro. Dos 16 entrevistados predominou o sexo feminino com 10, entre a idade 14 tinham entre 30 e 47 anos, entre o estado marital, 7 eram casados, entre o tempo de atuação 9 participantes tinham de 8 meses a 9 anos, e 7 de 11 a 28 anos de profissão. Elegeu-se três categorias as quais denominaram: O entendimento do profissional sobre humanização; A percepção do profissional sobre a Política Nacional de Humanização e seu objetivo principal, e as estratégias utilizadas para a qualidade da assistência Humanizada. Os enfermeiros compreendem sobre humanização e a finalidade da Política Nacional de humanização, assim como criam estratégias desde o acolhimento ao trabalho em equipe para garantir a qualidade de uma assistência humanizada